Chambers of Commerce

The Success of the Chambers of Commerce

The Chambers of Commerce have fully justified the hopes of their founders. They have become the centers of all commercial and industrial activity in the country. Many useful laws and measures adopted by the National Assembly and the Government have come from the wise and active work of these Chambers.

The Chambers have played an important role in major national matters such as creating new customs tariffs and signing commercial treaties with other countries. Since their establishment, the development of industrial legislation has made great progress, giving a strong foundation to national industries and technical education.

The Creation of Inquiry Offices and Commercial Museums

In 1902, the Chambers of Commerce were expanded with the creation of inquiry offices and commercial museums. These new institutions were given the duty of providing information about the credit and reliability of local traders, as well as details about Bulgarian products Sofia City Tour.

Foreign business firms and manufacturers can easily obtain accurate and reliable information from these offices and museums. Even in their short existence, these institutions have already proven to be very useful for both local and international trade.

Funding of the Chambers of Commerce

The expenses of the Chambers of Commerce are covered by the traders themselves. They pay a special additional tax that is added to the regular tax on trades and professions. The total annual budget for the four Chambers of Commerce is about 140,000 francs.

The Role of the Commercial Museums

The Commercial Museums aim to help develop local industries and make trade with foreign countries easier. Their main responsibility is to guide traders in improving the quality and design of their goods. When traders send samples to the museum, experts can suggest how to make the products better and help connect them with potential buyers.

The museums also help promote high-quality products that can compete successfully with foreign goods. In addition, they keep collections of modern tools and machines bought from abroad. These collections are available to all traders and manufacturers who wish to study new methods and technological improvements.

Through these activities, the museums support the Chambers of Commerce in their mission to advance trade, industry, and education throughout the country.

Bulgarian Economic and Infrastructure

Bulgarian Economic and Infrastructure Development

The Role of the Commercial and Industrial Museum

The Bulgarian Commercial and Industrial Museum was established in June 1898. It is closely linked to the government, as it is attached to the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture. This museum acts as more than just a place to see old items; it has a clear and active program to support local businesses and farmers.

The museum helps small traders by giving out loans, which allows them to get the necessary money to grow their companies. It also directly helps local industry by buying specific products, such as traditional tapestries, hats, and knives. By purchasing these items, the museum helps keep traditional Bulgarian crafts alive and profitable, ensuring that artisans can continue their work.

To support the farming community, the museum sells essential equipment. It offers machines and other farm implements at the lowest possible prices. This action makes it easier for farmers to buy the tools they need to improve their efficiency and grow better crops. The museum’s leader is an official from the Ministry, which ensures that its support efforts are well-coordinated with the national government’s trade and agricultural policies Sofia City Tour.

The Creation of a Dedicated Ministry for Infrastructure

Before 1894, all of Bulgaria’s public projects, including the management of the railways, were overseen by the Board of Public Works. This board was actually part of the Ministry of Finance. This setup meant that infrastructure was managed mostly through a financial lens.

However, in 1894, the government created a new, specialized office: the Ministry of Public Works, Roads, and Communications. This move signaled that managing roads, trains, and other communications was important enough to require its own dedicated government body.

Within this new Ministry, a separate department for railways was first established in 1901. This department was later reorganized in 1905 to become the General Board of State Railways and Ports. This change highlighted the government’s focus on developing modern, efficient transportation systems—both by land and by sea—to support the country’s growth.

How the Railway System Is Organized

The General Board of State Railways and Ports has a carefully planned central structure to manage the entire national system. The key officials who run the operation include a General Director (the main leader), an Assistant Director, an Engineer-in-Chief, and a Secretary.

Under the leadership team, the administration is divided into specialized departments. One major department is Traffic and Commerce. This group is vital for the business side of the railways and is divided into six important sections:

Tariffs: Setting the prices for carrying passengers and shipping goods.

Receipts Control: Checking the money coming in from tickets, luggage, and freight shipping.

Claims: Dealing with customer complaints about lost property or service issues.

Statistics: Collecting performance data to ensure the railway is working well.

Another crucial area is the department that handles Maintenance, Rolling-Stock, and Traction. This technical group ensures that all the trains are running and the tracks are safe. It includes sections for technical and financial planning, handling all accounts, and managing the inventories of all tools and supplies. This detailed organization helps keep Bulgaria’s railway system operating safely and efficiently.

The Role of the Agricultural Bank

The Role of the Agricultural Bank

The Agricultural Bank is one of the main institutions that help improve the country’s economy. As explained in the previous chapter, this bank plays a key role in supporting farmers and promoting agricultural growth. By offering loans and financial services to those working in agriculture, the bank helps increase production and strengthens rural development.

The Creation of the Chambers of Commerce

Another very useful institution was established by the law of December 20, 1894. At the suggestion of local merchants, the government decided to create Chambers of Commerce in the most important business centers of the country. These chambers were formed to represent and support traders, manufacturers, and business owners Sofia City Tour.

Today, there are Chambers of Commerce in Sofia, Plovdiv (formerly Philippopolis), Varna, and Ruse (formerly Roustchouk). These cities were chosen because they are key centers for trade and industry.

Relationship with the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture

The Chambers of Commerce operate under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture. They must keep the Ministry informed about the commercial and industrial situation in their regions. They also give advice on matters related to trade, industry, and economic policy.

In general, their main goal is to promote commerce and to strengthen relations between Bulgarian and foreign merchants. The Chambers act as a consulting body for the Ministry, and government departments must seek their opinion when dealing with trade and industry issues.

Structure and Election of Members

Each Chamber of Commerce is made up of 32 members, who are elected by the majority of traders in the district. All traders over 25 years old, who enjoy full civil rights and pay at least 25 francs in taxes per year, have the right to vote and can be elected as members.

Half of the members leave office every four years, but they may be re-elected. The Chambers meet once a year to approve the annual budget and make decisions on important matters.

The Standing Committee

The work of the Chamber is carried out by a Standing Committee, which includes a President, Vice-President, and Secretary. The Secretary is a paid position, while the President and Vice-President serve voluntarily. The committee is elected every two years and ensures that all Chamber decisions are properly executed.

Governance and Economic Support

Bulgaria’s Local Governance and Economic Support

How Departmental Councils Are Funded and Organized

The regional governing bodies in Bulgaria are known as Departmental Councils. The money these councils use to operate mainly comes from a small extra tax that is added to the main State taxes. This allows them to have their own budget to work on local projects and improvements.

The members of the Departmental Councils are chosen through elections based on universal suffrage, meaning every eligible citizen gets to vote. In each department, three delegates (representatives) are elected for every 20,000 residents, including people of both sexes. These elected officials serve for a term of three years.

Each Council creates a small, dedicated team, often referred to as the Permanent Committee. This committee is responsible for the day-to-day operations and ensuring that the Council’s plans are successfully put into action Sofia City Tour.

The Strong Focus on Agriculture

The main task of the Permanent Committee is to focus on improving the agriculture, livestock, and general rural economy within the department. This group does not typically handle matters related to commerce (trade) or industry (manufacturing).

This strong focus on farming is logical and necessary. The members of the Permanent Committee are often farmers themselves, which means they are the people who have the most direct contact with the agricultural population. They deeply understand the needs of people working the land and can quickly address local problems.

In contrast, large-scale commerce and industry are usually looked after by the national government’s Ministry and by the Chambers of Commerce. This division of labor ensures that farming gets the specialized attention it needs at the local level, while other sectors receive support from national and industry-specific bodies.

Practical Support for Farmers and Technical Training

The Departmental Councils provide excellent, hands-on support for their agricultural communities. They regularly give out high-quality seeds to help farmers grow better crops. They also invest significant resources into improving the breeding of cattle and other livestock.

To motivate farmers to adopt new and better practices, the Councils organize competitive events. These competitions cover topics like poultry-rearing and fruit-growing. Furthermore, they offer scholarships to allow young people who want to become farmers to study modern methods at technical schools in foreign countries, bringing new knowledge back to Bulgaria.

The Permanent Committees also maintain and pay for local technical schools. For example, the Departmental Council of Sofia has supported three model schools, a specialized workshop in Trun for making traditional Oriental carpets, and two carpentry shops in Koprivshtitsa and Etropole. These special courses combine classroom lessons with hands-on training and have been very successful in updating and improving long-established Bulgarian trades.

The Role of Local Parish Councils

The scope of the smaller Parish Councils (local town or village councils) concerning commerce and industry is similar to the Departmental Councils, but on a much reduced scale. They focus on local economic issues within their immediate parish area. When a Parish Council does not have enough funds to complete important local work, the larger Departmental Council provides subsidies (financial aid) to help those communities.

Requirements for Special Privileges

The special privileges under the Law for the Encouragement of Bulgarian Commerce and Industry are granted only to certain types of enterprises that meet specific conditions.

To qualify, an enterprise must:

Use at least 5 horsepower of mechanical energy,

Employ at least fifteen regular workers for six months or more each year, and

Use machinery and tools worth at least 20,000 francs.

Only industries that meet these requirements and are included in the law can enjoy special privileges.

List of Eligible Industries

The following industries are eligible for special privileges:

Sugar, chocolate, glucose, and other sugar-based products.

Spinning, weaving, and machine knitting using wool, silk, cotton, hemp, or jute; also tapestry making.

Rope-making.

Pottery and ceramic products such as stoves, drainpipes, water pipes, firebricks, and Marseilles tiles.

Construction of carts, carriages, and other vehicles Tours Sofia.

Mines, marble and granite quarries, and metallurgical industries.

Stone-cutting and finishing (including marble and granite).

Production of cement, chalk, gypsum, asphalt, and similar materials.

Food preservation, slaughterhouses, facilities for fattening animals before meat processing, and use of waste products from slaughterhouses.

Milling and flour-based food production.

Paper and wood-pulp manufacturing.

Ironworks and foundries.

Petroleum refineries and related products.

Production of chemical goods, matches, fertilizers, and artificial dyes.

Soap and candle making.

Glass production.

Tanneries and leather processing.

Dye works and fabric coloring.

Beer brewing, alcohol and brandy distilling.

Furniture making, wood-carving, and carpentry.

Production of oils (animal or vegetable).

Electric power installations.

Silk-worm culture and silk production.

Additional Enterprises Eligible for Privileges

Any other industrial enterprise that is new to Bulgaria, meets the conditions of Article 15, and is considered useful by the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, may also receive special privileges.

Special Advantages Granted to These Enterprises

Eligible enterprises enjoy several financial and operational benefits, including:

(a) Exemption from Import Taxes

No customs or local taxes (octroi) are charged on raw or semi-processed materials that cannot be found in Bulgaria or are available only in small quantities.

(b) Exemption from Building Taxes

Factory buildings are free from the usual building taxes and additional local charges (centimes).

(c) Exemption from Patent Fees

Enterprises are not required to pay patent registration fees or related additional taxes.

(d) Stamp Duty Exemption

The original company shares are exempt from stamp duties.

(e) Reduced Coal Prices

Factories can buy coal from State-owned mines at reduced prices, as decided by the Ministerial Council.

(f) Reduced Railway Transport Rates

Raw materials, building supplies, and manufactured goods are transported by State railways at 35% lower rates than normal prices.

(g) Free Use of Natural Materials

Factories may use State-owned land to collect stones, sand, gravel, clay, and similar materials for free, as long as these materials are needed for construction or production.

Through these privileges, the Bulgarian government aimed to attract investors, encourage industrial growth, and support new enterprises that used local resources. The combination of tax relief, cheaper transport, and access to raw materials helped Bulgaria build a stronger foundation for national industry and economic independence.

Purpose of the Law

According to Clause 1 of the Law for the Encouragement of Bulgarian Commerce and Industry, any industrial enterprise that is useful to the country can receive special privileges under the law. These enterprises must contribute to the national economy by using local raw materials, labour, fuel, or energy, or by reducing the prices of products for consumers.

The law divides these benefits into two groups:

General privileges, which apply to all industrial enterprises.

Special privileges, which are granted only to specific industries listed in the law.

Industries receiving special privileges can enjoy them for ten to thirty years, depending on their importance and contribution to the country’s development Daily Sofia Tour.

General Privileges for All Industries

All industrial enterprises in Bulgaria may receive the following general advantages:

(a) Use of Water Power

Factories may use public water-power sources for free, as long as these are not located on private property.

(b) Customs Exemption for Machinery

Industries are exempt from customs duties on machinery, machine parts, tools, and equipment necessary for setting up their enterprise. This exemption applies only to goods that are not produced in Bulgaria and come from countries that have commercial treaties with Bulgaria.

(c) Exemption for Building Materials

Factories do not have to pay customs duties on construction materials that are not available or produced in Bulgaria and are essential for building the factory and its facilities.

(d) Exemption for Imported Raw Materials

If a business imports raw materials to process and then exports the finished goods, it does not have to pay customs duties on those raw materials.

(e) Free Grant of Land

The government, province, or local parish may grant free land for factory construction. The size of the land depends on the needs of the enterprise but cannot exceed five decares.

(f) Reduced Railway Transport Rates

Machinery, tools, fuel, and other factory materials will be transported on State railways at a rate 35% below the regular price.

Support for Local Production

Article 8 of the law strengthens national industry by requiring that all public institutions buy products made in Bulgaria, even when local goods cost up to 15% more than similar foreign products.

This rule ensures steady demand for Bulgarian-made goods, encourages the growth of domestic industries, and helps the country become less dependent on imports.

Right to Weekly Rest

Women of all ages and children under fifteen have the right to one full day of rest each week. In most cases, this rest day is Sunday. According to Bulgarian law, all industrial workplaces must close on that day. This rule helps protect the health and well-being of women and children who work in factories or workshops.

The 1905 Law on Factory Conditions

The law passed in 1905 includes important rules about health and safety in factories. It aims to make working conditions better for all employees. However, the law does not clearly explain how workers should be insured against accidents that happen during work.

Article 24 of the same law states that the fines collected from factory owners who break the law should be used to create a special fund. This fund will later help support insurance for workers in cases of accidents or old age. A separate law will be needed to set up this insurance system officially Daily Sofia Tour.

Supervision and Labour Inspection

The Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture is responsible for making sure that the laws protecting women and children are properly followed. To help with this task, a special Labour Inspection Department is being created.

At the moment, the Ministry supervises working conditions through labour committees in different towns. Each committee has five members: the town’s mayor, the local doctor, the district school inspector, the district engineer, and a representative of the local trade unions. These committees have the same authority as factory inspectors. They can either work together or assign one or more members to investigate a specific case.

Penalties for Breaking the Law

Factory inspectors are allowed to record all violations of labour laws. Their reports are accepted as official evidence in court. Employers who break the rules can be fined between 15 and 50 francs. For more serious violations, the fine can reach up to 500 francs, but it cannot exceed that amount.

Any breach of the laws that protect the health and safety of workers is punished more strictly, with fines ranging from 50 to 500 francs. These penalties encourage factory owners to follow the rules and maintain safe and fair working conditions.

Employment in Bulgarian Industry

Employment in Bulgarian Industry (as of 1907)

The available data from December 31, 1907, gives a clear picture of how many people were employed in various industries across Bulgaria. This information shows both the number of men and women employed, as well as the average number of workers per factory.

Distribution of Workers by Industry

Industry Factories Men Women Total % of Total Workers Average per Factory

Textiles 51 1,178 1,565 2,743 44.61% 54

Mining 3 1,347 — 1,347 21.91% 449

Food & Brewing 57 877 106 983 15.99% 17

Metallurgical 8 338 — 338 5.87% 30

Leather 13 237 — 237 3.85% 18

Chemicals 15 128 65 193 3.14% 13

Furniture 8 185 — 185 3.01% 23

Ceramics 6 170 — 170 2.76% 28

Paper 1 20 2 22 0.36% 22

Miscellaneous 4 31 — 31 0.50% 8

Total 166 4,411 1,738 6,149 100% 37

This table shows that textiles were the largest source of employment, with nearly 45% of all industrial workers, followed by mining, which employed over 1,300 men, and food and brewing, which came third Private Sofia Tours.

Size and Workforce of Factories

The size of the factories varied greatly, as shown below:

Number of Workers Factories % of Total Men Women Total Workers % of All Workers

None employed 10 6.02 — — — —

Fewer than 5 17 10.24 47 4 51 0.83

5–9 28 16.87 189 15 204 3.32

10–19 45 27.11 568 66 634 10.31

20–29 23 13.86 406 143 549 8.93

30–49 18 10.87 508 171 679 11.04

50–99 15 9.04 763 297 1,060 17.24

100–499 9 5.42 659 1,042 1,701 27.66

Over 1,000 1 0.60 1,271 — 1,271 20.67

Total 166 100% 4,411 1,738 6,149 100%

Most factories were small to medium-sized. Only one large factory employed over 1,000 people, while the majority had fewer than 100. This shows that Bulgarian industry at the time was still developing and relied mainly on small-scale enterprises.

Use of Mechanical Power in Factories

Out of the 166 factories, only 117 used mechanical power. The different types of machinery and their total power output are listed below:

Type of Motor Number Horsepower % of Total

Fixed Steam Engines 86 5,049 56.25%

Turbines 21 2,523 28.11%

Locomotives 34 675.50 7.52%

Water Wheels 271 518.12 5.77%

Electric Motors 6 133.25 1.48%

Petrol/Benzine Engines 7 56.00 0.62%

Other Mechanical Motors 6 22.00 0.25%

Total 431 8,976.87 100%

Industrial Power and Progress

The figures above reveal that steam power was the dominant source of industrial energy in Bulgaria at the time, followed by hydraulic turbines. The use of electric motors had only just begun, marking the first steps toward industrial modernization.

These statistics confirm that, by the early 20th century, Bulgaria had built a diverse and growing industrial sector, employing thousands of workers and powered by both traditional and modern machinery. This period marked the beginning of Bulgaria’s transition from a largely agricultural society to an emerging industrial nation.

The Present State of Bulgarian Industry

Although exact statistics on Bulgarian industry at the time were not always available, it was already clear that the country had made significant progress. Each factory or workshop considered here had a minimum capital of 25,000 francs and employed at least 20 workers. From this, we can see that Bulgarian industries were becoming quite important.

Some factories were much larger, employing 200 to 300 workers each. In addition to these, there were countless small enterprises across the country that were not included in the official count. For example, in the Sofia Chamber of Commerce region alone, there were more than 500 workshops, including 108 carpenters’ shops.

Industrial Establishments in 1907

By December 31, 1907, Bulgaria had 166 industrial establishments, distributed among several sectors:

3 Mining industries

8 Metallurgical industries

6 Ceramic factories

15 Chemical industries

57 Food and beverage industries (including breweries and distilleries)

51 Textile factories

8 Furniture-making workshops

13 Leather industries

1 Paper mill

4 Miscellaneous industries

Capital Investment by Industry

The total capital invested in these industries amounted to 30,599,432.79 francs. The breakdown is shown below:

Industry Number of Factories Total Capital (francs) % of Total Average per Factory (francs)

Food & Brewing 56 14,375,543.51 46.98% 256,706.13

Textiles 45 6,603,526.41 21.58% 146,745.03

Ceramics 6 1,926,690.87 6.30% 321,149.61

Chemicals 13 1,338,962.25 4.38% 102,997.10

Mining 3 774,077.52 2.53% 258,025.87

Leather 12 685,180.00 2.14% 54,598.33

Furniture 8 599,616.55 1.92% 73,702.07

Metallurgical 6 331,246.34 1.08% 55,208.00

Paper 1 185,433.00 0.61% 185,433.00

Miscellaneous 4 3,818,946.34 12.46% 954,736.59

Total 154 30,599,432.79 100% —

Dominant Sectors

The food and brewing industry held the first place in terms of capital investment. This included mills, breweries, and distilleries, which were vital for both domestic consumption and export. The textile industry ranked second, reflecting Bulgaria’s long tradition in weaving and cloth production. The ceramics industry came third, showing growth in pottery and brickmaking enterprises Private Sofia Tours.

Employment in Industry

As of January 1, 1905, the total number of people employed in these factories was 7,026, including both owners and workers. Among them, 677 were owners or managers, while the rest were regular employees or laborers. This demonstrates that industry was becoming a growing source of employment and income in Bulgaria.

By the early 20th century, Bulgaria’s industrial base had grown steadily from small local workshops into a network of modern, capitalized enterprises. The rise of industries such as textiles, food processing, and ceramics marked a turning point in the nation’s economic history. Though agriculture still dominated, these early factories laid the foundation for Bulgaria’s transformation into an industrial economy in the years to come.

Export of Coarse Cloths

The export of coarse cloths from Bulgaria during the late 19th and early 20th centuries shows a steady growth. The main foreign markets for these goods were Austria, Romania, Serbia, and Turkey.

The table below summarizes the exports of coarse cloths from Bulgaria to these countries during different years:

Country 1901 (kg) 1901 (Frs) 1897 (kg) 1897 (Frs) 1894 (kg) 1894 (Frs)

Austria 11,354 29,360 6,977 24,135 6,820 25,488

Romania 2,111 4,780 8,880 25,182 4,849 14,124

Serbia 18,515 43,035 17,161 56,618 16,584 65,894

Turkey 25,035 56,824 29,147 103,563 69,450 283,949

These numbers show that Turkey was the largest and most important customer for Bulgarian coarse cloths, followed by Serbia and Austria. The value of exports to Turkey increased dramatically between 1894 and 1897, showing the strong demand for Bulgarian woven goods in Ottoman markets Sightseeing Sofia.

Export of Serges

Serge, a fine woolen fabric, was another important product of the Bulgarian textile industry. The following figures show the exports of serges to various countries:

Country 1903 (kg) 1903 (Frs) 1897 (kg) 1897 (Frs) 1894 (kg) 1894 (Frs)

Austria — — — — 87 436

Romania 1,200 2,130 839 3,497 9,659 27,583

Serbia 7,898 26,670 1,646 7,234 2,075 9,360

Turkey 320,412 1,603,060 233,162 906,896 227,200 998,122

Once again, Turkey was the main market, buying more than 300,000 kilograms of serge in 1903. This confirms Turkey’s position as the most significant buyer of Bulgarian textiles during this period.

Export of Cloths and Dyed Stuffs

Bulgaria also exported cloths and dyed materials, though in smaller quantities compared to serges and coarse cloths.

Country 1903 (kg) 1903 (Frs) 1897 (kg) 1897 (Frs) 1894 (kg) 1894 (Frs)

Austria — — — — — —

Romania 90 1,134 — — 1,084 2,911

Serbia 6,636 45,565 9,458 59,220 4,674 29,024

Turkey 23 357 73 1,215 18 312

Exports to Serbia were the highest among neighboring countries for dyed goods, while Turkey remained a smaller but stable buyer.

Main Export Markets

From all available data, it is clear that Turkey, Romania, Serbia, and Austria were Bulgaria’s main export destinations for textiles. Among these, Turkey consistently remained the leading market, purchasing large amounts of both coarse cloths and serges.

Austria, although a buyer, was also a competitor, especially in the production of machine-made carpets that tried to imitate Bulgarian handwoven tapestries. However, the quality and traditional beauty of Bulgarian craftsmanship ensured that the country’s textiles—especially those made on hand looms—continued to be highly valued abroad.

Employment and Wool Production in Bulgaria

Around three thousand workers—including men, women, and children—were employed in Bulgaria’s textile and weaving industries at the beginning of the 20th century. The country owned about seven million sheep, which produced roughly 120,000 kilograms of wool each year.

However, this amount of wool was not enough to meet the growing needs of Bulgaria’s factories. To continue production, manufacturers had to import wool from foreign markets. Over the years, the importation of wool increased steadily, as shown in the table below.

Imports of Wool (1893–1904)

The table below summarizes the import of natural, washed, and carded wool in kilograms and francs:

Year Natural Wool (kg) Value (Frs) Washed Wool (kg) Value (Frs) Carded Wool (kg) Value (Frs)

1904 468,676 561,295 8,881 23,042 1,322 2,540

1903 299,082 359,082 11,613 39,414 4,088 17,869

1902 311,128 369,578 21,626 62,164 20,994 54,491

1901 237,447 279,832 92,376 258,421 2,056 7,193

1900 52,337 55,134 22,362 79,510 22 79

1899 37,042 42,607 15,139 43,616 105 425

1898 54,621 52,112 79,455 225,379 14 45

1897 138,875 155,029 17,174 52,574 7,154 21,640

1896 107,861 123,641 11,728 37,219 40 335

1895 313,216 351,428 37,633 110,835 9 45

1894 540,063 605,317 38,615 60,636 5,164 17,643

1893 328,162 295,804 9,216 9,297 1,128 2,599

Most natural wool imported came from Romania, while washed wool was mainly supplied by Austria, Germany, France, and Belgium.

Growth in Bulgarian Textile Exports

As expected, with the expansion of Bulgaria’s weaving and spinning industries, the export of finished cloth and textile products increased every year. Bulgarian cloths, serges, braids, and dyed fabrics became well known in neighboring markets Sightseeing Sofia.

The following table shows the rise in exports between 1893 and 1904:

Year Coarse Cloths (kg) Value (Frs) Serges (kg) Value (Frs)

1904 51,319 121,843 264,870 1,130,528

1903 57,015 133,999 329,510 1,631,860

1902 81,475 161,266 397,661 1,601,639

1901 62,149 173,324 391,705 1,577,497

1900 57,793 143,309 335,778 1,376,896

Exports of braids and dyed cloths also rose steadily, reaching markets across the Balkan region and Western Europe.

A Rising Industrial Power

These figures clearly show that Bulgaria’s textile industry was rapidly developing at the start of the 20th century. Despite limited natural resources, the industry grew through imported raw materials, local skill, and hard work. The combination of national effort and international trade helped Bulgaria become a major weaving center in the Balkans.

If supported by continued investment and improved technology, the Bulgarian textile sector could soon compete with other European industries in both quality and production capacity.

Growth of Modern Weaving in Bulgaria

Because of the early success of traditional weaving, some private individuals in 1880 decided to establish modern workshops and factories in Bulgaria. This marked the beginning of the country’s move from small-scale home weaving to large-scale industrial textile production.

The first examples came from the towns of Gabrovo and Sliven, which became pioneers in modern manufacturing. Both towns built large factories that were equipped and managed according to the most modern industrial methods of the time. Following their example, other towns also began to open textile factories, including Samokov and Kazanlik.

Thanks to this rapid progress, Bulgaria soon became the leading country in weaving on the Balkan Peninsula Sightseeing Sofia.

Statistics on the Bulgarian Weaving Industry

The table below shows some interesting statistics about the weaving industry in Bulgaria at that time:

Town Number of Factories Number of Spindles Hydraulic Horsepower Steam Horsepower Power Looms Hand Looms

Gabrovo 7 6,400 385 370 92 —

Sliven 14 8,016 200 240 85 121

Samokov 2 1,020 65 16 15 —

Karlovo 1 1,244 40 80 12 —

Kazanlik 1 850 — 100 8 —

Kotel 1 300 10 — — 6

Total 26 17,830 700 806 212 127

These figures show how quickly the weaving industry developed within a short period. The total value of all weaving sheds and factories was estimated at around 5,500,000 francs, which was a very large amount at that time.

Bulgarian Capital and National Effort

An important fact is that the entire capital invested in these factories was Bulgarian. It came from the hard work, savings, and persistence of Bulgarian citizens rather than from foreign investors. This proves the strong entrepreneurial spirit of the Bulgarian people, who were determined to build their own industries despite limited resources.

However, it is also true that if foreign capital had been involved, the industry might have developed even faster and on a larger scale. To attract future investors, the Bulgarian government introduced a protectionist tariff, which aimed to safeguard and encourage national industries, especially textiles.

A Promising Future for Bulgarian Weaving

The success of the weaving industry in towns like Gabrovo and Sliven demonstrates Bulgaria’s ability to combine traditional skill with modern industrial methods. With continued support from the government, investment in technology, and better access to capital, Bulgaria’s textile sector could grow into one of the strongest in Southeastern Europe.

Bulgarias Future

The Importance of Industry for Bulgaria’s Future

One of the most important questions for Bulgaria’s future is whether the country will remain mainly agricultural or become industrialized. For the past several years, Bulgarian economists have debated this issue, but there is still no clear answer.

Many experts believe that Bulgaria lacks some of the conditions necessary for the development of strong national industries. They argue that because of its traditions, geography, and economy, Bulgaria will continue to be primarily an agricultural country. However, even these experts must admit that the forces of modern progress will eventually push Bulgaria toward industrial growth.

As the country improves its methods of farming and adopts modern technology, it will naturally need to expand into industrial production, just as other European nations—such as France, Germany, and Italy—have done. Industry and agriculture can support each other: improved farming creates more raw materials, and developing industries provide tools and goods for better agriculture Sofia Sightseeing.

The Origins of Bulgarian Manufacturing

The oldest Bulgarian industry is weaving, which has existed since ancient times. For centuries, weaving was practiced as a home-based craft in many Bulgarian towns and villages. Farmers and their families used local wool to make cloths, carpets, braids, and serges, which were widely known and respected throughout the Ottoman Empire.

Weaving was not only a household activity but also a source of trade and income. Bulgarian woven goods were appreciated for their strength, color, and quality, and they were exported to many regions, including Greece, Asia Minor, Pirot, Niš, Bosnia, and Herzegovina.

Important Weaving Centers

Several towns became well-known centers of weaving and textile production. Among the most famous were Pirdop, Panagyurishte, Karlovo, Sopot, Koprivshtitsa, Klisura, Kalofer, Gabrovo, Tryavna, Sliven, Kotel, and Samokov.

During Turkish rule, many of these towns supplied cloth for the Ottoman army, and Bulgarian textiles gained an excellent reputation. The skill of Bulgarian weavers and the quality of their woolen fabrics made them highly competitive even in foreign markets.

A Country in Transition

Today, as Bulgaria continues to modernize, the country faces a critical choice—to remain focused on agriculture or to build a balanced economy that includes both farming and manufacturing. The history of Bulgarian weaving shows that the nation already has a strong foundation in craftsmanship and production. With education, investment, and technology, Bulgaria has the potential to become not only a prosperous agricultural country but also an emerging industrial nation.

Future of Handicrafts in Bulgaria

It is natural to ask whether a country like Bulgaria, which was still developing after its liberation, could maintain and expand small industries and handicrafts—especially if these were protected only by artificial state restrictions. The answer to this question is both yes and no, depending on how quickly the nation’s productive forces grow compared to its new social and economic needs.

While it may be difficult for small workshops to compete with large factories, it is still possible for handicrafts to survive, though they may take on a new form. They might adapt to modern conditions by improving their quality, focusing on unique or traditional products, or working together in small cooperatives. In this way, handicrafts will not completely disappear but will continue to exist alongside new types of manufacturing.

Handicrafts in Modern Economic Development

Even in older and more industrialized countries, handicrafts have not been destroyed by modern industry. For more than fifty years, capitalist manufacturing has existed in Western Europe, and yet many traditional crafts still survive. They have changed in character, using new tools and methods, but their creative and cultural value remains.

This shows that the development of large-scale industry does not automatically mean the end of small-scale production. Instead, it often leads to a division of labor, where factories produce mass goods while artisans focus on fine or custom-made items.

Gradual Change, Not Sudden Disappearance

In Bulgaria, economic growth will certainly influence all existing forms of production. Some trades will disappear entirely because they can no longer compete with machines or imported goods. Others will improve and reach a higher level of skill and organization, and still others will merge into larger manufacturing enterprises Sofia Sightseeing.

However, this transformation will not happen quickly or suddenly, as some people in Bulgaria once believed. Economic change is a gradual process, shaped by education, investment, technology, and consumer demand. To expect immediate results would be to misunderstand the basic principles of political economy.

Therefore, while Bulgaria’s economic development will undoubtedly bring change, handicrafts will not vanish overnight. Instead, they will evolve, adapt, and continue to play an important role in preserving national traditions and providing livelihoods for skilled workers.

Traditional Handicrafts in Bulgaria

Decline of Traditional Handicrafts in Bulgaria

According to information provided by the Chamber of Commerce of Sofia, in the year 1876, which was two years before Bulgaria’s liberation, there were around sixty soap-makers in the town. However, by 1896, even though the population had increased four times, only four or five soap-makers remained.

A similar decline was seen in other towns. At Stara Zagora, before the war, there were about 2,500 weaving sheds producing coarse cloth. Today, only thirty of them still exist. In Pirdop, spinning was once the town’s main home industry. Before the war, it was carried on in about 700 households, but now it continues in only twenty or thirty homes.

This pattern was repeated across the country. Many traditional trades and small industries could not survive the arrival of modern industrial production methods. As a result, the number of independent artisans continued to fall year after year.

Causes of the Decline

The decline of handicrafts naturally led to the poverty of many skilled workers who depended on their trades for a living. The government soon realized that it needed to take action to protect these people. This marked the beginning of labor legislation in Bulgaria — laws designed to help workers and improve their conditions.

However, the government misunderstood the true reasons behind the decline. It believed that handicrafts were suffering because of decentralization, or the breaking up of traditional centers of work. In reality, the problem was an economic necessity — a natural result of social and industrial change. Modern machines, large-scale factories, and cheaper imported goods made it impossible for small artisans to compete.

Government Efforts and Their Limitations

The government passed several laws to support handicrafts and small producers, which helped calm public opinion for a short time. However, these measures did not lead to any real improvement in the situation Sofia Sightseeing.

At the same time, the Bulgarian government tried to negotiate a commercial treaty with Austria-Hungary, one of its strongest economic competitors. The goal was to protect local industries from foreign goods. Unfortunately, these efforts failed, and foreign products continued to enter Bulgaria freely.

Because of this, traditional Bulgarian crafts continued to decline, and the dream of reviving local industry remained unfulfilled. The experience showed that economic progress could not be achieved through protection laws alone—it required modernization, education, and investment in new technology.

Handicraft

Understanding the Meaning of “Handicraft”

Before we discuss handicrafts in Bulgaria, it is important to understand what the word actually means. In Bulgaria, any permanent occupation or skilled trade is called a handicraft. A person who practices a handicraft is known as an artisan. An artisan is someone who spends his time working in a specific trade, either alone or with the help of workers and apprentices.

To become a master craftsman, a person must first work as an apprentice, learning the skills of the trade from a master. After that, he must gain experience as a workman. Only when he has reached a high level of skill can he receive a certificate that proves his ability and allows him to become a master himself.

The Role of Guilds

Every craft or trade was traditionally represented by a guild. A guild was an organization of artisans from the same profession, such as shoemakers, blacksmiths, or carpenters. The guild created rules for how the trade should be practiced, including standards of quality, prices, and training for new apprentices. These guilds also protected the interests of their members and helped maintain professional pride and community spirit among craftsmen Sofia Sightseeing.

The Decline of Handicrafts

For the past twenty-five years, handicrafts in Bulgaria have been steadily declining. Today, only in a few small or remote towns can we still find artisans working in the traditional way. This decline began soon after Bulgaria gained political independence.

Several major changes took place. Western European industrial production began to influence the country. Large family estates were divided as patriarchal family systems disappeared, and many people moved from villages to towns. At the same time, Bulgaria opened its markets to international trade, allowing many foreign products to enter the country.

The Impact of Modernization

With these changes, Bulgarian society experienced a complete transformation. The new political system, the new administration, and the rise in living standards all created new needs and higher expenses. The small-scale artisans and farmers could not keep up with these growing demands. Taxes and the cost of materials also became heavy burdens for them.

Because of these difficulties, many artisans were forced to close their workshops. Some moved to other towns or even other countries in search of a better livelihood. As a result, traditional handicrafts gradually disappeared, leaving only a few traces of Bulgaria’s once rich and skilled artisan culture.

Agricultural Bank Operations

Agricultural Bank Operations (1899–1903)

The following table shows the yearly financial operations of the Agricultural Bank in francs, as well as the difference compared to the previous year Sofia Sightseeing.

Year Operations in Francs Difference

1899 493,759,187.21 –21,989,642.02

1900 507,307,502.60 +13,548,315.39

1901 535,575,182.03 +28,267,679.43

1902 827,690,477.23 +292,115,295.20

1903 972,538,557.22 +144,848,079.99

From the figures above, it is clear that the Agricultural Bank experienced steady growth from 1899 to 1903. Although the main purpose of the bank was to help farmers and people working in agriculture, it also provided services to merchants and manufacturers. This can be seen from the division of securities between agricultural and non-agricultural clients.

Distribution of Securities Between Agriculturists and Non-Agriculturists

Year Agriculturists (Fr) Non-Agriculturists (Fr)

1899 54,823,955.70 5,943,596.60

1900 56,628,822.80 6,140,191.00

1901 57,321,668.61 6,385,343.05

1902 54,408,969.26 6,335,605.52

1903 50,403,786.13 6,273,861.45

The table shows that the largest part of the bank’s securities was always held by agriculturists. However, the amount decreased slightly after 1901. The share of non-agricultural clients, though smaller, remained steady throughout the five years. This indicates that the bank gradually extended its services beyond farming to include trade and small industries.

Handicrafts and Early Industry in Bulgaria

Until the time of Bulgaria’s national liberation, agriculture and small handicrafts were the only sources of income for most people. The country suffered from poverty, a lack of good roads, and weak government support. Because of these difficulties, any attempts to start new industries often ended in failure.

Handicrafts such as weaving, pottery, and metalwork provided basic goods for local needs. Most craftsmen worked in small workshops, using simple tools and family labor. Despite their hard work, production remained low, and profits were small.

After liberation, efforts were made to modernize production and improve the economy. The establishment of institutions like the Agricultural Bank played an important role in this process. By offering credit to farmers and small producers, the bank helped them buy better tools, seeds, and materials. Over time, this financial support contributed to the gradual development of Bulgaria’s agricultural and industrial sectors.

Land Consolidation and Agricultural Cultivation in Bulgaria

The Problem of Divided Land

One important result of the division of land into many small plots in Bulgaria is a growing tendency among more progressive and intelligent peasants to consolidate or “round off” their properties. This means that farmers are beginning to buy or exchange small neighboring pieces of land to create larger and more practical farms.

However, Bulgarian lawmakers have not yet fully addressed this issue. Up to the early 1900s, no specific law existed to guide or support the process of rounding off rural properties. This situation made it difficult for smallholders to expand efficiently, as land ownership was often fragmented into many small, scattered plots.

The 1904 Pasture Management Law

Despite the lack of a comprehensive law on land consolidation, the Law of 1904 on the Management of Pasture Ground introduced some helpful measures.

This law contained certain clauses designed to encourage and simplify the process of merging small plots of land.

It offered a 40 percent discount to small landowners who reached an agreement with their neighbors to combine and rearrange their adjoining plots. This discount applied to the purchase price of small plots involved in such an agreement.

Furthermore, the law allowed both parties to negotiate compensation freely to make the process fair and beneficial for everyone involved.

Since this legislation was quite new at the time, its effects and results could not yet be fully evaluated, but it represented a step forward in improving agricultural efficiency and reducing the problems caused by land fragmentation Customized Istanbul Tours.

Cultivated Land in Bulgaria

By the year 1897, the total area of land under cultivation in Bulgaria was 3,452,471 hectares. Agricultural land was divided into two main categories:

Permanently cultivated land, including vineyards, rose gardens, orchards, and natural meadows, which covered about 477,084 hectares.

Arable land, including fields, vegetable gardens, and fallow lands, which covered a much larger area—around 2,975,386 hectares.

The second category represented the core of Bulgarian agriculture, as it was used mainly for growing cereals, vegetables, and other essential crops that supported the country’s food supply and export trade.

The Importance of Agricultural Organization

The distinction between permanent and arable cultivation shows that Bulgaria’s economy was strongly based on farming. However, the small size and scattered nature of peasant holdings often limited productivity and made the use of modern tools or methods difficult.

The rounding off of land—if further encouraged by government policy—could help farmers improve efficiency, reduce costs, and make better use of the soil. In the long term, this would contribute to a stronger and more prosperous agricultural sector, forming the foundation of national economic stability.

The early efforts to consolidate land ownership in Bulgaria were modest but promising. Although the 1904 law was limited in scope, it demonstrated a growing awareness within the government of the need for agricultural reform.

By encouraging cooperation among peasants and offering financial incentives, Bulgaria took its first steps toward solving the problem of fragmented land. With continued support and clearer legislation, the rounding off of small holdings could play an essential role in modernizing rural life and ensuring the sustainable growth of the nation’s agriculture.

The Railways and Their Impact on Trade

The expansion of Bulgaria’s railway network has had a powerful influence on national trade and progress. Before the construction of railways, many parts of the country were isolated, poor, and slow in development. Communication between towns was difficult, and goods could not be easily transported to markets.

With the coming of the railways, distances became shorter and transport faster. Regions that were once considered remote or backward began to experience economic and social growth. New industries appeared in places that had never known manufacturing before, and small villages began to connect with larger cities. The railways not only boosted trade but also encouraged education, migration, and cultural exchange across the country.

The general well-being of the people improved as new opportunities arose for work and trade. Farmers could now send their crops to distant markets, craftsmen could sell their goods more easily, and merchants began to import and export more efficiently.

The Railways and the State Budget

The development of railways also had a positive effect on the State budget. The income from trade and transportation increased government revenues, allowing the State to invest more in public works and services such as schools, hospitals, and infrastructure Customized Turkey Tour.

Below is an overview of State expenditure over several years, showing a steady growth in spending that reflects Bulgaria’s expanding economy and modernization efforts:

Year State Expenses (in Francs)

1900 —

1901 96,826,900

1902 98,898,337

1903 98,017,900

1904 106,163,400

1905 111,920,000

1906 117,953,000

1907 121,983,000

This steady rise in expenditure was not a sign of financial weakness, but rather of economic activity and progress. Each year brought more investment in the country’s future—especially in transport, education, and trade infrastructure.

Bulgaria’s Spirit of Adaptation

Although Bulgaria is still a young nation, she has already shown remarkable ability to learn and adopt what is best from other European countries. This openness to new ideas and technologies is one of her greatest strengths. The Bulgarian people have shown that they can absorb modern knowledge, adapt it to their needs, and use it to build a better and stronger nation.

Through hard work, education, and unity, Bulgaria continues to move forward—proving that even a small and young country can achieve much when guided by ambition and wisdom.

Hot Springs in Kustendil and Surrounding Regions

The town of Kustendil is one of Bulgaria’s most famous spa destinations. It is well known for its excellent hot springs, which have been used since ancient times for their healing properties. The waters here are rich in minerals that help treat joint pain, skin diseases, and circulation problems.

In the Kustendil Department, at the village of Bania, near Dupnitsa, lies the hottest spring in Bulgaria, with a remarkable temperature of 83°C. This spring is considered one of the most powerful thermal sources in the entire Balkan Peninsula.

Hot Springs in Bourgas and Sliven

In the department of Bourgas, several important mineral springs have been discovered. The best-known are located in the village of Lidji, near the town of Bourgas, and at Sliven, a city famous for its modern spa installations. The Sliven baths are fully equipped with up-to-date facilities, allowing both local residents and visitors to enjoy the health benefits of mineral therapy. These waters are widely used for rheumatic, nervous, and digestive disorders Customized Turkey Tour.

Mineral Waters of Stara Zagora

The department of Stara Zagora is also blessed with a large number of hot and mineral springs. Among them, the spring at Merichleri is the most important. According to chemical analyses, the natural mineral water of Merichleri is equal in quality to the world-famous Carlsbad water in Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic). This means that Bulgaria’s mineral resources are not only rich but also internationally comparable in medicinal value.

Economic Overview of Bulgaria

Bulgaria as an Agricultural Nation

Bulgaria is primarily an agricultural country. The well-being of its people depends almost entirely on farming and harvests. A good harvest brings prosperity, while a poor one can seriously affect the entire economy. Agriculture serves as the main measure of the country’s economic condition, influencing every other sector, including commerce, crafts, and industry.

When the crops are good, trade with foreign countries grows rapidly. Bulgarian merchants export grain, fruit, and livestock, leading to an increase in national income. However, when the harvest is poor, the country’s foreign trade declines sharply, and economic activity slows down. This close connection between agriculture and trade shows how deeply dependent Bulgaria’s economy is on the success of its farming seasons.

Connection Between Harvest and Trade

To understand whether a particular year was prosperous or difficult for Bulgaria, one only needs to look at the trade statistics. When agricultural production is high, exports increase, and imports also rise as people have more money to spend. Conversely, when harvests fail due to droughts, floods, or poor soil conditions, exports drop, and the economy weakens.

This pattern has shaped Bulgaria’s development throughout its modern history. Even as industries and new technologies began to appear, the rhythm of national prosperity continued to follow the cycles of nature and agriculture.

The presence of numerous hot springs, such as those at Kustendil, Sliven, Merichleri, and Bania, shows Bulgaria’s rich natural resources. These thermal waters, combined with fertile soil and a hardworking population, form the foundation of the nation’s prosperity. As Bulgaria continues to modernize, the development of agriculture, trade, and spa tourism will remain key to strengthening its economic and cultural identity.

Natural Resources for Construction and Ornament

In Bulgaria, nature has provided a wide variety of valuable minerals and stones that are used in industry and decorative arts. One of the most remarkable resources is the silver sand found near the station of Guebedge, close to Varna. This fine and pure sand is especially suitable for glass manufacturing, which could become an important industry for the country with more investment and modern facilities.

For ornamental and construction purposes, Bulgaria is rich in beautiful and durable stones. The serpentines from the area around Philippopolis (Plovdiv) are widely admired for their smooth texture and striking green color. The andesite of Eni-Keui in the district of Bourgas is another valuable stone, known for its strength and fine grain, often used in building and decorative work.

Additionally, the syenites of Vitosha Mountain and the nearby Philippopolis region, as well as the granites of Dupnitsa and Kustendil, are used in construction and sculpture. These materials are comparable in quality to those found in Western Europe, and with proper quarrying and processing, they could contribute greatly to Bulgaria’s economy Customized Turkey Tours.

Hot Springs and Mineral Waters

Bulgaria is also exceptionally rich in hot and mineral springs, many of which have been famous since ancient Roman times. There are over 200 such springs spread across eighty locations throughout the country. Some are actively used and maintained by the State, while others are managed by local parishes, either temporarily or permanently. However, many springs still remain undeveloped, offering great potential for future use.

During the Turkish rule and even earlier under the Romans, several of these springs were enclosed in simple structures, serving as natural bathhouses. In recent years, the Mining Department of the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture has made significant progress in developing these natural treasures. Notably, mineral springs have been modernized and captured at Sliven, Bankya, Varshets, and Merichleri, turning them into important health and wellness centers.

Government Investment in Health Resorts

Recognizing the health and economic value of these resources, the Bulgarian Government has approved a credit of 2,000,000 francs to construct modern health resorts at Bankya, Varshets, Hisar, and Merichleri. The work on these resorts is progressing rapidly, and the buildings are expected to be completed and open to the public within two years.

These resorts will include bathing facilities, accommodation, and medical services, designed to attract both Bulgarian citizens and foreign visitors seeking natural healing through mineral waters.

The Springs Around Sofia

In the Sofia region alone, there are twenty-three mineral springs, making it one of the richest areas in Bulgaria for thermal waters. The hottest spring is found at Dolna Banya, with a temperature reaching 61°C. The city of Sofia itself has several hot springs with mild mineral content, averaging 47°C, which are ideal for therapeutic baths.

To take advantage of these natural assets, the municipality of Sofia has started the construction of public baths, estimated to cost 1,500,000 francs. These baths will allow citizens to enjoy the benefits of mineral water all year round.

Additionally, the nearby resorts of Knyazhevo, Gorna Banya, Bankya, and Panicherevo are all famous for their healing waters and beautiful natural surroundings. These places are increasingly popular among people seeking rest, relaxation, and natural treatments.

Bulgaria’s natural resources—its decorative stones, sands, and mineral springs—are valuable not only for local industry but also for tourism and health care. With continued investment and careful management, these treasures can play a major role in improving the economic and cultural development of the country, while also preserving a unique part of its natural heritage.

The Decline of Mining Under Turkish Rule

During the long period of Turkish domination, the Bulgarian mining industry almost disappeared. Mining, once active and productive in ancient times, had been reduced to a few small and primitive operations. The only place where mining continued was Samokov, a mountain town known for its iron production.

For centuries, the people of Samokov extracted iron ore from magnetite, a mineral formed by the natural breakdown of the syenite rocks of Mount Vitosha. The process was simple and traditional, using charcoal furnaces that worked in much the same way as the old Catalan furnaces used in Spain. The production was entirely manual, depending on local labor and natural fuel from nearby forests.

This small industry, though limited, survived for generations and provided iron for tools, weapons, and domestic use throughout the region. It remained active until the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, which led to Bulgaria’s liberation from Ottoman rule Customized Round Turkey Tours.

The Fall of the Iron Industry

After Bulgaria gained independence, major economic changes occurred. New roads and railways were built, and foreign competition entered the market. Mines in other countries, equipped with better technology, could produce cheaper and higher-quality iron. As a result, the price of locally produced iron fell sharply.

The traditional methods used at Samokov could not compete with the modern steel industries of Europe, and production gradually stopped. What was once a source of national pride during the Ottoman period became a memory of the past, holding only historical importance. The Samokov iron works, once famous, now stand as a reminder of Bulgaria’s early industrial efforts.

The First Steps Toward Modern Mining

After independence, the new Bulgarian government recognized the need to revive the country’s mining potential. In 1879, only a year after the liberation, the State opened its first official mine—a lignite coal mine at the village of Mochino, about 27 kilometers from Sofia.

This was an important step in the creation of a modern national mining industry. The lignite, a type of brown coal, was of good quality and suitable for heating and energy. For more than a decade, the Mochino mine supplied coal to Sofia’s households, industries, and the Tsaribrod–Sofia–Belovo railway line, which was one of the country’s first major rail routes.

A Symbol of Industrial Beginnings

Between 1879 and 1891, the Mochino mine produced about 105,000 tons of lignite, all of which was consumed within Bulgaria. Although the mine eventually closed, it marked a turning point in the country’s industrial history. For the first time, mining was carried out under state management, showing a move toward organized economic planning and resource use.

The experience gained at Mochino helped train local engineers and workers who later took part in larger mining projects. It also demonstrated that Bulgaria’s natural resources—though once neglected—could once again become a foundation for national growth and progress.

Development of Agricultural Institutions in Bulgaria

Rapid Progress in Agriculture

In recent years, Bulgaria’s agricultural institutions have developed rapidly, supported both by the State and by private initiatives. The combined efforts of government organizations, agricultural schools, and local societies have led to steady improvements in farming methods, education, and production.

To coordinate and oversee this progress, a special agricultural section was created in 1894 within the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture. This department is responsible for supervising all agricultural activities in the Principality and ensuring that farmers across the country benefit from scientific and practical knowledge Customized Round Turkey Tours.

Structure of the Ministry and Its Divisions

The agricultural section of the Ministry is divided into smaller departments, each specializing in one branch of agriculture. These divisions deal with:

General agriculture and crop cultivation

Viticulture (the growing of vines and wine production)

Fruit-growing and orchard management

Cattle-breeding and livestock improvement

Bee-keeping, which is an important rural activity in many regions

Each department studies its area of specialization and provides advice, training, and materials to farmers through local offices.

Agricultural Districts and Inspectors

To make supervision more effective, the whole country has been divided into 44 agricultural districts. Each district is placed under the charge of a government agricultural inspector.

These inspectors have several key responsibilities:

To enforce agricultural laws, such as those regulating village police, phylloxera control (a vine pest), silkworm breeding, and egg production;

To promote agricultural education by organizing lectures, exhibitions, and practical demonstrations for farmers;

To collect information on local farming conditions and report it to the Ministry.

Through their activities, the inspectors serve as a vital link between the State administration and the rural population, helping to spread modern agricultural practices throughout the country.

State Agricultural Schools and Model Farms

The Bulgarian Government supports two major schools of agriculture, one located at Sadovo (near Philippopolis) and another at Roustchouk (Ruse). Both were founded in 1883 and include model farms where students receive hands-on training.

The main goal of these schools is to train professional agriculturists and agricultural inspectors who can later serve in the State’s agricultural administration or manage farms with advanced methods.

Another State agricultural school operates at Pleven, focusing on fruit-growing and viticulture. In addition, five elementary agricultural schools have been established to spread basic practical knowledge among rural youth. The Government plans to open more schools of this kind in the near future.

Role of Private Initiative and the National Agricultural Society

Alongside the efforts of the State, private organizations have played an essential role in promoting Bulgarian agriculture. The most active among them is the National Agricultural Society, which has been working for more than ten years to improve agricultural education and practice.

The Society publishes a bi-weekly agricultural review and a large number of practical handbooks and guides, written in simple language for farmers. These publications cover subjects such as crop rotation, soil care, pest control, and livestock feeding, helping to make agricultural knowledge available even to small rural communities.

In summary, the cooperation between the State and private organizations has greatly strengthened Bulgarian agriculture. The creation of specialized departments, agricultural schools, and district inspectors, together with educational publications and public demonstrations, has ensured that modern knowledge reaches farmers across the country.

These developments mark an important step toward making Bulgarian agriculture more productive, scientific, and sustainable, laying the foundation for a prosperous rural economy in the years to come.

Livestock in Bulgaria

Overview of Livestock Development

The following table shows the number of domestic animals in Bulgaria in 1893 and 1900, together with the percentage of increase or decrease. These figures provide a clear picture of the progress in livestock farming during this period.

Animal Number in 1893 Number in 1900 Change (Increase/Decrease)

Horses 343,946 494,557 +43.78%

Mules 8,264 8,887 +7.56%

Donkeys 81,610 107,098 +31.23%

Cattle 1,425,781 1,596,267 +11.95%

Buffaloes 342,193 431,487 +26.09%

Sheep 6,868,291 7,015,385 +2.14%

Goats 1,263,772 1,405,190 +11.19%

Pigs 461,635 367,501 –30.39%

Poultry 3,426,637 4,751,751 +38.86%

These statistics show that, overall, livestock numbers increased steadily between 1893 and 1900. The most notable growth occurred among horses, donkeys, buffaloes, and poultry, while pigs were the only group that declined significantly Customized Private Turkey Tours.

Improvement of Animal Breeds

The improvement of animal breeds in Bulgaria is achieved mainly through selection and crossbreeding. Local animals are often crossed with high-quality breeds from other countries to produce stronger and more productive offspring. This system helps increase the yield of milk, meat, and wool, and also improves the working capacity of animals used for farming and transport.

The Bulgarian Government supports this effort by encouraging breeders and providing practical assistance through agricultural commissions and co-operative societies established in different provinces. These organizations help farmers apply modern breeding techniques and maintain the health of their animals.

Government Support and Breeding Centers

To promote animal breeding, the Bulgarian Government has established five large State depots for stallions. These centers provide high-quality horses for breeding, with the aim of improving the national stock.

In addition, there are several cattle-breeding stations, particularly near the agricultural colleges of Sadovo (in Philippopolis) and Roustchouk (Ruse). These stations supply pedigree bulls and cows to farmers, helping to increase milk production and improve herd quality.

The Government also offers prizes and rewards to breeders who excel in improving their livestock. Financial assistance is often given to those who wish to purchase pedigree animals from abroad for breeding purposes.

Growth of Dairies and Milk Production

Although dairies are still in their early stages in Bulgaria, they are expected to grow rapidly. The Government pays special attention to dairy development, as it plays a key role in modern farm management. Dairies not only help increase the supply of milk, butter, and cheese, but also create employment opportunities and support rural communities.

In provinces where cattle and buffalo breeding is already established, the introduction of small local dairies has begun to transform the rural economy. As hygiene standards and breeding practices improve, Bulgaria is expected to become a significant producer of high-quality dairy products.

The steady increase in livestock numbers between 1893 and 1900, together with the Government’s active support for breeding, training, and dairy production, demonstrates Bulgaria’s commitment to agricultural progress. The combination of scientific breeding methods, financial incentives, and State supervision has already produced visible results.

With continued modernization, Bulgaria’s livestock industry is set to become one of the strongest sectors of its rural economy, contributing to both domestic prosperity and future export potential.

Attar of Roses – A Precious National Export

Export Growth of Bulgarian Rose Oil (1900–1904)

The following table shows the quantity and value of attar of roses (rose oil) exported from Bulgaria between 1900 and 1904. This fragrant oil was, and still is, one of Bulgaria’s most valuable exports.

Year Kilograms Value (in Francs)

1900 5,346 3,707,943

1901 3,027 2,140,538

1902 3,676 2,609,159

1903 6,210 3,734,950

1904 4,394 2,741,038

These figures clearly show that Bulgaria maintained a steady and profitable rose oil trade. Although the quantity varied from year to year due to weather conditions and harvest quality, the overall export remained significant. The years 1900 and 1903 were particularly successful, with exports exceeding 5,000 kilograms, bringing in over three million francs each Customized Private Turkey Tours.

Cultivation of Industrial Plants

Beetroot Cultivation and Sugar Production

The cultivation of beetroot is a relatively recent development in Bulgaria. It is grown mainly in the province of Sofia, where around 2,000 hectares of land are dedicated to it. The entire beetroot crop is processed by the sugar refinery near Sofia, which uses the harvest to produce refined sugar for domestic consumption.

This introduction of beetroot farming represents a modern step toward agricultural diversification and industrial self-sufficiency.

Growing Hemp, Rape, and Other Crops

The cultivation of hemp and rape (rapeseed) is also spreading across Bulgaria.

Rape is grown mainly for export, as its oil is used in industry and for cooking.

Hemp is valued for its strong fiber, which is used by rope-makers, especially in the large rope factories near Sofia.

Both crops are becoming increasingly important as farmers seek alternative sources of income beyond traditional grains.

Rice and Bean Production

Rice is another notable crop in Bulgaria. It is widely grown in the province of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and, to a smaller extent, in Kotcharinova, located in the province of Kustendil. The annual rice harvest is estimated at around two million kilograms.

Meanwhile, haricot beans are produced on a much larger scale, with an average yearly yield of eight million kilograms. These beans are a staple food for the Bulgarian population and a valuable export commodity.

Livestock and Forage Cultivation

Importance of Livestock Farming

Livestock rearing remains one of the most important branches of Bulgarian rural economy. Farmers raise cattle, sheep, goats, and horses for meat, milk, wool, and labor. However, as pasturelands are gradually being replaced by cultivated fields, farmers must adapt by producing more forage crops to feed their animals.

Expansion of Forage Crops

To compensate for the reduction in natural pastures, Bulgarian farmers have increased the cultivation of forage plants, especially vetch and lucerne (alfalfa).

In 1892, the total area used for these crops was 31,342 hectares.

By 1899, this number had risen to 88,455.84 hectares—nearly triple in just seven years.

This expansion shows the rapid progress in modern agricultural practices and the growing awareness of the importance of animal feed in livestock management.

Government Support for Forage Farming

The Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture supports this development by distributing lucerne seeds free of charge each year. In addition, land sown with lucerne is exempted from taxes, encouraging farmers to grow more of it. These policies aim to improve soil fertility, support livestock health, and strengthen the rural economy.

Bulgaria’s agriculture at the beginning of the 20th century was entering a new phase of modernization. The cultivation of industrial plants like beetroot, hemp, rape, and rice, together with the traditional production of roses and tobacco, showed a balanced and promising rural economy. At the same time, livestock breeding and forage cultivation ensured the sustainable use of the country’s natural resources.

These combined efforts demonstrate Bulgaria’s determination to progress, transforming its rich land into a lasting source of national prosperity.

Tobacco and Rose Cultivation in Bulgaria

Tobacco Growing Regions

Tobacco cultivation is one of the most important agricultural activities in southern Bulgaria, as well as in the provinces of Silistria and Kustendil. Altogether, the total tobacco plantation area is estimated at around 3,000 hectares.

Among the main producing regions, Haskovo has the highest yield—producing over 800,000 kilograms of tobacco each year. It is followed by Philippopolis (Plovdiv) with about 300,000 kilograms, Kustendil with 270,000 kilograms, and Silistria with 210,000 kilograms. These figures clearly show that tobacco plays an important role in the southern and southeastern parts of the country.

Domestic Use and Export

According to approximate calculations based on official statistics, about three-fourths of Bulgaria’s total tobacco harvest is consumed locally by the population, while only one-fourth is exported.

Although the export quantity is smaller, Bulgarian tobacco is highly valued for its quality. In fact, it can be favorably compared to Turkish tobacco produced in Macedonia and Enidje. The leaf tobacco used for manufacturing cigarettes is sold at prices ranging from 80 centimes to 1 franc 50 centimes per kilogram, depending on the quality and region Customized Private Turkey Tours.

Government Support and Economic Incentives

The Bulgarian government has made active efforts to promote and improve tobacco cultivation. These efforts include:

Distributing high-quality tobacco seeds to farmers free of charge;

Offering export incentives and bounties to encourage trade abroad;

Allowing the Bulgarian National Bank to give loans to tobacco growers, using official certificates of harvest as security.

These measures help farmers avoid financial hardship between planting and selling their crops, and they also encourage the spread of better farming methods and higher quality tobacco production.

The Rose Industry – Bulgaria’s Floral Treasure

After tobacco, the rose crop is the second most important industrial plant in Bulgaria. Roses are grown almost entirely for the production of attar of roses, a precious rose oil used in the perfume industry around the world.

This Bulgarian rose oil is famous internationally and received the highest awards at the Paris Exhibition of 1900 for its exceptional fragrance and purity.

Rose Growing Areas and Production

Rose cultivation is concentrated mainly in 148 parishes located in the provinces of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and Stara Zagora. The total area of rose gardens is about 5,094 hectares.

The yield and quality of rose oil depend greatly on weather conditions during the blooming and harvesting seasons. Even small changes in temperature or rainfall can affect both the quantity and fragrance of the oil.

The two main varieties of roses cultivated in Bulgaria are:

Rosa damascena (the red rose) – valued for its strong and rich scent;

Rosa alba (the white rose) – known for its delicate and softer fragrance.

The best rose gardens are found in and around Kazanlak, Karlovo, Klissoura, and Stara Zagora, regions often referred to as the “Valley of Roses.”

Both tobacco and roses have long played a major role in the Bulgarian economy. Tobacco supports the rural population through farming and trade, while rose cultivation has made Bulgaria world-famous for its fine rose oil production.

Together, these two crops symbolize the combination of traditional skill and natural richness, showing how Bulgarian agriculture blends hard work, favorable climate, and national pride to produce products admired across the world.

Agricultural Tools and Modernization in Bulgaria

Traditional and Modern Ploughs

In the province of Vidin and other rural areas of Bulgaria, the old-fashioned wooden plough is still commonly used. This simple and primitive tool, often pulled by oxen or horses, represents the traditional methods of Bulgarian farming. However, in recent years, modern agricultural machines have begun to replace these older tools.

The introduction of new equipment has made fieldwork faster, easier, and more productive. Farmers are gradually realizing the benefits of using improved implements, which allow them to cultivate larger areas of land with less effort.

Growth in Agricultural Implements

The following table shows the increase in the number of agricultural machines used between 1897 and 1905, showing clear progress toward modernization Customized Private Turkey Tours.

Implements 1897 1905 Change (%)

Ploughs 365,877 391,225 +6.9%

Iron ploughs 32,399 38,923 +20%

Harrows 5,353 38,080 +730%

Drills 46 89 +93%

Reaping machines 731 1,385 +86%

Threshing machines 94 125 +31%

Bolting machines 1,484 3,481 +134%

Winnowing machines 14,233 30,117 +112%

Mowers 1,748 3,318 +87%

Haymakers 81 104 +23%

Watercarts 66 10,782 —

Crushing machines 80 207 +159%

This table demonstrates an impressive growth in the use of farming technology within less than a decade. Tools such as harrows, winnowing machines, and iron ploughs became much more common, helping farmers prepare soil, separate grain, and increase efficiency.

Government Support and Agricultural Progress

The Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture played an important role in this transformation. It actively promoted the use of modern tools and techniques through training, financial aid, and exhibitions.

Its work was supported by the Bulgarian Agricultural Bank, which provided credit to farmers for purchasing new machinery, and by the National Agricultural Society, which encouraged education and modernization in rural communities.

These combined efforts helped farmers improve productivity and gradually shift from traditional methods to more scientific farming practices.

Use of Fertilizers and Soil Improvement

Although machinery was improving, the use of fertilizers remained limited in Bulgaria at the time. Most farmers did not yet understand the importance of enriching the soil with nutrients.

In the Sofia province, sheep dung was sometimes used as a natural fertilizer. In the Stara Planina, Rhodopes, and Sredna Gora mountain regions—where the soil is less fertile and mainly vines, roses, and fruit trees are grown—manure is essential to maintain soil quality.

However, the only type of fertilizer used during that period was stable manure, as chemical fertilizers had not yet become common. This limited the potential of Bulgarian agriculture, although awareness was slowly increasing.

Main Industrial Crops

Apart from cereals and vegetables, Bulgaria also began cultivating several important industrial plants that contributed to trade and local industries. The main industrial crops were:

Tobacco, grown mainly in southern Bulgaria, used for both domestic consumption and export.

Roses, especially in the Rose Valley, used for producing the famous Bulgarian rose oil, one of the country’s most valuable exports.

Beetroot, which supported the development of sugar production in the growing industrial sector.

The period from 1897 to 1905 marked an important stage in the modernization of Bulgarian agriculture. Though many farmers still relied on simple ploughs and manual labour, the rapid growth of agricultural machinery and the support from government institutions represented a clear step forward.

With continued education, better use of fertilizers, and growing interest in industrial crops like roses and tobacco, Bulgaria was steadily transforming its rural economy and preparing for a more productive agricultural future.