The leading part in the Crusades

As France had taken, as she continued to take, the leading part in the Crusades, it was natural that the French should desire one whose influence would commend itself to the French people, rather than an Italian whose influence would only be among a section of a people which had not played a prominent part in these attempts to resist the Moslem. There was yet another consideration in favor of the election of Baldwin rather than Boniface. The marquis from the first had played the principal part in the intrigues for the diversion of the enterprise from its lawful purpose. Baldwin had indeed acquiesced in what Boniface and Dandolo had arranged, but the less active opposition of the Count of Flanders was likely to make his election much more agreeable to the pope than that of the leader who had been the conspicuous opponent of the orders emanating from Borne.

His election would gratify that portion of the army which had been opposed to the expedition to Constantinople, while even among those who had willingly followed the lead of Boniface there would be a considerable number ready to abandon him in order, now that the plunder had been procured, to obtain the absolution of the pope. There arc reasons also for supposing that, after young Alexis had been restored, Baldwin had placed himself at the head of the party which urged that the Crusaders should leave for the Holy Land, and, if this were so, not only must he have had the support of those who had wished to make their pilgrimage, but of all those who now desired to be reconciled with the Church.

Venetians and the Crusaders

A fortnight was spent before the Venetians and the Crusaders could agree upon the choice of the electors, of twelve Feeling ran high. No declaration appears during that time to have been made by Dandolo as to whether he would consent to be named or not. It appears to have been understood that the contest would be between

Boniface and Baldwin

Boniface and Baldwin. As the Venetians were to elect the same number of representatives as the Crusaders, as Boniface evidently distrusted Dandolo, as the followers of Baldwin were sure to succeed in carrying a certain number of representatives out of the six to be chosen by the host, it had become evident to Boniface that his election was by no means safe. Accordingly, during the fortnight before the electors were chosen, negotiations went on with the object of securing something to Boniface in case he should fail in being elected.

The fleet was drawn up in line three crossbow

The fleet was drawn up in line three crossbow shots long opposite the walls. The order was given to advance as near the shore as they could get. This was done under a tremendous discharge of stones from mangonels placed on the towers. In spite of this opposition the ships pushed boldly ashore. Their stems were moored to the land, and anchors were thrown out from their sterns. Each hisser had a mangoes. The stones thrown in immense quantities by the Romans were returned by the Venetians, and the return shots were better aimed. The Venetians succeeded during the attack in destroying the outer wall of the palace with a battering-ram. The bolts came in abundance from the crossbows. The scaling- ladders thrown out from the ships’ tops were so close to the walls that the contending soldiers fought together with lance and sword. A fierce hand-to-hand fight went on for some hours without interruption. The galleys had at first not ventured to run their bows on to the land, but had remained astern of the transports.

Dandolo determined that everything

Dandolo determined that everything should be dared. He commanded his own crew to put him on shore on the narrow strip of land, a few feet broad, between the walls and the water, and threatened his followers with death when they hesitated to obey. The old man and those with him leaped on shore. When the men in the other galleys saw the gonfalon of St. Mark carried on shore over the head of their fearless leader, they rushed to defend him. The enthusiasm spread through the fleet.

Numbers of men from the transports and the barges leaped into their boats or into the water and landed. The order was given that a general attack of all the Venetians should be concentrated upon a short distance of the walls. A battering-ram was brought to bear against one of the towers. Those who worked it were defended by a crowd of crossbowmen. While this thundered at the walls below, hundreds of men were fighting from the scaling-ladders, and trying to win or to hold a position on the walls. Presently the gonfalon of St. Mark was seen flying from one of the towers. For a while the defenders were panic-stricken and fled. Immediate advantage was taken of this success.

The meeting was long and stormy

We know also that the meeting was long and stormy. “ Only parlay asset, an event at an arriver,” says the marshal. The result arrived at confirms the natural presumption that there were two, and probably even three, parties. The interest of the Crusaders was opposed to that of the Venetians. But the Crusaders were still, as they had always been, divided. The malcontents who had been opposed to the expedition to Constantinople distrusted and were disgusted with Boniface, and, though they were not able to have their own way, were sufficiently powerful at least to thwart his plans. It was decided

Committee to mercaptan emperor

Decision as to six Venetians and six division «f Crusaders should be elected to form a committee to mercaptan emperor. A proviso was, however, added, that all the twelve delegates should solemnly swear on holy relics that they would elect the candidate whom they believed to be the best in the interest of the world. The other provisions show that the parties were pretty equally balanced. It was agreed that if a Frank should be elected emperor the patriarch should be chosen by the Venetians, and vice versa. The emperor was to receive one fourth of all that should be captured within the city and throughout the empire, together with the two imperial palaces of Elachern and the Lion’s Mouth. The remaining three fourths were to be divided equally between the Venetians and the Crusaders.

Together for the sake of a fair division

The gold and silver, the cloth, the silk, and all the rest of the booty captured were to be abandoned to the host, and to be collected together for the sake of a fair division. When this should have been accomplished a new committee of twenty- four, chosen by the Venetians and the Crusaders, was to be named to divide the empire into fiefs, and to define the feudal service which the holders should render to the new emperor. It was further resolved that no one should lay hands on priest or monk nor plunder the churches or monasteries. The division of the spoils of the empire, including the carving out of the fiefs, was to be finished within a year, and therefore to be completed before the end of March, 1205. After the capture of the city all were to be free to leave it who wished to do so up to that date. After it, however, all who remained were to be bound to accept the suzerainty of the emperor.

Cardinal Peter Capuano

During a part at least of this time he was at Rome, where also was Cardinal Peter Capuano. Thus, while the crusading army was leaving Venice, its two chiefs, one in temporal and the other in spiritual things, were absent.

Boniface appears to have won over the cardinal entirely to his views. In spite of the way in which Peter Capuano had been treated by the Venetians, lie appears on this visit to Innocent to have made light of the expedition to Zara; to have spoken of it as a merely temporary incident, the punishment of a half-heretical people by* the occupation of their city, and as a punishment which would not entail the shedding of Christian blood. What is perhaps more remarkable is that in this visit to the pope the cardinal rather than Boniface seems to have been the chief advocate in favor of the proposal to help Alexis.1 It is easy to see what would be the arguments used. The Crusaders were short of money: had spent what they had, had been unable to borrow more, and had been compelled to agree to the Zara arrangement in order to get rid of their obligations to the Venetians.

Arrangement with Venice

Boniface would be careful to point out that the arrangement with Venice expired in June, and to urge that an expedition to Constantinople, with the object merely of restoring young Alexis, would be the only means of supplying money for the expedition ; the only means of buying over the aid of the Venetians, without whom it could never reach either Egypt or Syria, and, in short, the only means of preventing the crusade from absolute failure.

Innocent remained firm; refused to give any approval to the Zaran expedition, disavowed the legate’s approbation, and sent to the army an injunction to restrain them from accomplishing their unrighteous purpose. In reference, however, to the project for giving aid to young Alexis the arguments of Cardinal Peter and of Boniface made more impression. The pope, indeed, formally refused to sanction the proposal. lie did more.

The forward movement of the Turks in Asia Minor

The troubles which were crowding upon the empire by the forward movement of the Turks in Asia Minor, and especially by the conquest of Salonica and the subsequent advance of the Sicilians, enraged the emperor. He called a meeting of the judges, and, taking care that Hagiochristophorides was present to intimidate them by the roar of his voice, he submitted to them the question whether—in presence of the facts that there were various pretenders to the throne, that there were many rebels who had been banished or had escaped, that there were conspirators in prison who were not only hostile to the state, but gave encouragement to its enemies, and that so long as it was known that they did not meet with the most severe punishment there would be no safety — all political prisoners had not forfeited their lives, and whether death was not the sole remedy against traitors thus incurably hostile? They had taken the sword and ought to perish by the sword. He had taken care that the decision should be as lie wished. The sentence was not carried out, in consequence of the interference of the emperor’s son Manuel, who took the legal objections that the authority of the judges was not sufficient, that the death-warrant ought to be signed by the emperor himself, and that the condemnation was too general and included far too many persons — an answer imbued with the spirit of Justinian law.

Hagiochristophorides

The old tyrant became daily more anxious for his own Attack upon safety, and for this purpose sent Hagiochristophorides to learn from a soothsayer, who during the reign of Manuel had been imprisoned and blinded for the practice of witchcraft, the name of his successor to the throne. The soothsayer produced in the dregs of a cup a sigma and an iota, which were taken to indicate Isaac. The emperor judged this indication to point to Isaac, the Isaurian, whom he had for some time distrusted as a claimant to the throne. Hagiochristophorides determined to obtain possession of another Isaac to whom he believed the prediction to refer, and, in order to prevent its fulfilment, went with a sufficient following to his house to arrest him. This was Isaac Angelos, who appears to have been regarded by the emperor as a man not worth troubling about.

The army had been weakened by repeated contests

The leaders wished to avoid this long and fatal route, and desired to be landed at some place where they could strike at the enemy before the army had been weakened by repeated contests, and wearied and demoralized by long marches through an unhealthy country. Ho place offered so many advantages from this point of view as Egypt. A short sail over a pleasant sea and the Cru-saders could be landed fresh and vigorous and prepared for battle. The cost of transporting an army to Alexandria would be far less than that of taking it to any other part of payniinrie.

The sea was the safest and most easily guarded road to keep open between the invading army and Europe. Alexandria was a base of operations which might be kept with surety against the enemy, while its port would always be open to supplies of men and means of warfare from the West. A footing once obtained, Egypt could better support the army of Christendom than any other country. Its perennial wealth had been the mainstay of the Arabs in their marvellous conquests over Syria and Horthern Africa. Moreover, while the renown of Egypt was spread throughout Islam and Christendom alike, the enemy could be more advantageously fought in the densely populated delta than in the wide and thinly peopled regions of Syria. Probably, too, it was known in Europe that the Egyptian Arabs had lost their early vigor, that the climate had told upon them, and that they were already becoming an unwarlike race. The occasion, however, in 1201 was peculiarly favorable for an attack on that country.

Egyptian caliphate in 1171

Saladin bad conquered it, had abolished the Egyptian caliphate in 1171, and had done all that he could to exhaust its resources. On his death, in 1193 Visit Bulgaria, his two sons had quarrelled about the division of his empire. The one ruling in Egypt asked the aid of the Christians in Syria against his brother. The civil war which followed had still further weakened Egypt. But an exceptional and remarkable circumstance rendered an attack upon Egypt still more opportune. During five successive years the Nile had ceased to fertilize the country.

The result of this unprecedented calamity had been famine and distress. The population had been largely reduced. The wealth and strength of the country had been greatly diminished. To these considerations have to be added the fact that if Egypt were once in the hands of a crusading army it could be held against all invaders, and its wealth turned against Islam. Every Mahometan country would feel the loss of Egypt. A wedge would have been driven into the long stretch of Moslem territory between the Atlantic and India. Islam would have been cut in two and its wealth used to reconquer and hold Syria.

Godfrey by a succession of warriors

The desirability of striking at Islam through Egypt, the very centre and fulcrum of Moslem power, had been recognized from the time of Godfrey by a succession of warriors and statesmen. Innocent the Third was especially impressed with the necessity of making the attack through Egypt. He called particular attention to the exceptional opportunity which the time presented from the accidental or, as he believed it, the providential impoverishment of the richest country in Islam, from the failure of the Nile to overflow, and from the division of its rulers. Even without these accidental advantages, no other spot offered so many opportunities for the attack. To other country, if conquered, would be so great a loss to Islam. These considerations, in fact, seem to have been so generally recognized that it is doubtful whether any other plan was seriously considered. It was to Babylon, as the Crusaders generally called Egypt, that the expedition was to go, because, says Villehardouin, “one could more easily destroy the Turks there than in any other country.”

Expedition prepared with great care

The choice having been made, it will become necessary to ask why the original plan was abandoned. How did it happen that an expedition prepared with great care, and proposing under such favorable circumstances to strike at the heart of Moslem power, turned away from its object and attacked the capital of Eastern Christendom ? The question is one which was asked by all Europe at the time and has never been altogether satisfactorily answered, although in our own time the laborious industry of German and French scholars has succeeded in bringing to light a mass of evidence hitherto unknown, bearing on the question. The conclusion to which this evidence appears to me to point will, I hope, become clear in subsequent pages.

Offer to God cross for cross

The Crusader affixed the cross to his shoulder in order that he might “ offer to God cross for cross, passion for passion, and that by mortifying his desires and making himself like unto Christ he might share with him in the resurrection.” To us Jerusalem is an ancient city with more or less sacred or archaeological associations, to be reached easily by steam from Marseilles, and shortly by rail from Jaffa. To the Christian of the twelfth century it was very far distant, the marvel of the earth, and so filled with relics and other memorials of the Divine Life, that it was readily confounded with the heavenly Jerusalem. The crusades, in their practical effect, helped the young nations of the West to shake off their provinciality, to

absorb a part of the civilization of the East, and to think of something better than family or feudal quarrels.

Over by the King of Righteousness

They prevented the civilization of the West from becoming crystallized. They kept alive the great ideal of a kingdom presided over by the King of Righteousness, the Prince of Peace, under whose rule the continual state of warfare, the bloodshed, the treachery, the cruelty, that the Crusaders found among their own people, as among all half-civilized races, should cease. They breathed throughout the Western nations the breath of a common life, furnished them with a high ideal, and gave a great impetus to poetry in Western literature.

As we reach the end of the twelfth century we come to the end of this noble dream. The nations of the West were preparing to reap the harvest of results which had sprung from their efforts, by themselves developing national life, national art, and national literature. The crusading spirit, though it still existed, had lost much of its freshness; and each successive effort made by the forces of Christendom upon the Saracens was made with less fervor, less religions spirit, and less spontaneity than the effort which had preceded it.

During the crusades the men of the West were continually Thecrn«ad brought into contact with the inhabitants of the errs and the New Rome, and with other subjects of the Bvzantine emperor.

Bosphorus and the Dardanelles is one of The most important in the world

Commerce, however, had contributed still more largely to from com- the wealth of the capital. The highway of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles is one of The most important in the world. No city which exists, or has ever existed, lias so completely commanded an open road leading to, and having on each side of it, so many fruitful countries. Prom Batoum, which is the most direct outlet from Central Asia, the best available route to Europe was by the Bosphorus. This channel, varying from half a mile to a mile wide, could be easily defended. After a passage of eighteen miles these noble straits lead to Constantinople, which commands on one side of it the Marmora, a beautiful and convenient lake under the entire control of Constantinople. Its outlet is at the Dardanelles, where the facilities for its defence are equal to those on the Bosphorus.

Thence through the Aegean

Thence, through the Aegean, all Europe, Africa, and Asia Minor was open to the trading vessels of the capital. The imports for the supply of the wants of Constantinople and the export of her own products were themselves considerable. We have seen that the rulers of Constantinople had conceded many privileges in favor of trade to foreign subjects. But while these concessions doubtless increased her wealth, she had reserved to her own merchants the exclusive privilege of the Black Sea trade and of the import of provisions.

But she was then, as she has continued to be till quite recently, and will be again under a good government, a great mart for the collection and distribution of goods. A large amount of the trade between Asia and Europe passed through the Bosphorus. Persian and Armenian merchants brought their merchandise to Constantinople, to be distributed from thence throughout Western Europe. The city had occupied the first rank among the great marts of commerce for so long a period that, at the end of the twelfth century, she had supplied not only the empire of which she was the capital, but also Western Europe, Central Asia, and even India, with gold coin.

Roman was unwilling to give the privilege

But they gentium applied mainly to matters in dispute between Romans and foreigners, and not to questions between foreigners themselves. The Roman was unwilling to give the privilege of his law to a foreigner except where it was to the interest of the Roman so to do. The law of the New Rome, however, which is what jurists usually think of when the term Roman law is used, had, from the time of Justinian, two centuries after Constantine, merged the two systems of law into one in much the same way that our own Judicature Acts have merged the systems of common law and equity. There was no time, however, either in the history of Rome or Constantinople, when foreigners had the full rights possessed by Roman citizens.

Privileges were conceded to them for the purpose of trade. Commercial treaties were made with the nations to which they belonged. Strangers were invited and inducements held out to them to settle in the country. In every case, however, they were to be under their own government, and they were never permitted to have all or most of the benefits conferred on subjects of the empire. They might come to the country and trade with its inhabitants, and would be protected in so doing, but they must govern themselves and expect nothing but protection and the right to trade on certain conditions imposed by the state.

Widely different customs

This condition of things existed only to a modified extent Rule as to *n the case of nations which had been brought into subject races. subjection to the empire. The emperors had to take in hand the administration of law to people of widely different customs, religions, races, and countries. Ultimately the rights and obligations imposed by a portion of Roman law were conferred and imposed upon all subjects of the empire, though, of course, not upon resident foreigners. Caracal La, for the sake of increasing the revenues, had made all subjects of the empire into Roman citizens. But the most convenient way of administering Roman law even to Roman citizens was, in the words of Cassiodorus, the secretary of Theodorie the Great, to allow the Roman to be a judge for the Roman, the Goth for the Goth, and thus under a diversity of judges to have equal justice administered to all.

Half-civilized state on the Volga

A new detachment of Bulgarians in the seventh century sec a appeared and took possession of the delta of the tin of Buiga- Danube, pushing on as far as Varna. They came from Black Bulgaria, a half-civilized state on the Volga, which disappeared in the thirteenth century during the Mongol invasion. They were probably a Uralian people allied to the Finns.

On their re-entry into the peninsula they had to contend with the Slav population between the Danube and the Balkans, and soon became firmly established in the country they have ever since inhabited. The country north of the Danube, now called Eoumania, and formed out of Wallachia and Moldavia, was often called Bulgaria by the Byzantine writers. There is, however, no reason to believe that the Bulgarians ever, in any considerable numbers, occupied it. Their extension was rather southward and westward at the expense of the Slavs, the Greeks, and other inhabitants of the empire. At the opening of the ninth century military colonies had been established along the -whole length of the Balkans on the Bulgarian frontier.

Continual struggle against the Bulgarians

During that century the empire was engaged in a continual struggle against the Bulgarians, but, while any great advance southward was prevented, they pushed across the peninsula as far as Durazzo. When they had thus won their position they had not yet become Slavicized, though Slavic names begin to appear at a very early period, and ultimately their own language was entirely forgotten. During the tenth century they were attacked on all sides, but held their own. In the eleventh century the Byzantine emperors tried something like a policy of extermination, and Basil the Bulgaroctone, or Bulgarian slayer, commenced the execution of this policy by making a broad belt of waste country across the peninsula to Durazzo. In the twelfth century we find the Bulgarians settled in isolated colonies in the neighborhood of the capital itself, just as they are to-day.

In like manner there were Slav colonies in various parts of the southern portion of the peninsula holidays bulgaria. In the neighborhood of Mount Olympus, which is now principally occupied by Wallachians, there was also a Slav people. Indeed, the peninsula was dotted over with small settlements of the races which had invaded the empire. At one time the interior of the Balkan peninsula was constantly spoken of as Slavinia. The Bulgarians, however, were a numerous and powerful people, the boundaries of whose territory, though continually shift-ing, -were always wide; and, up to the moment of the Latin conquest, were always a source of weakness to the empire.

North of the Black Sea

Another stream of people which had passed into the empire The Patching the broad tract to the north of the Black Sea naive. were the Patchinaks. Like the Huns, they, too, were of Turkish origin. They had occupied Wallachia and Moldavia, which for centuries was the battle-ground of the races coming from Asia, of those who had already arrived, and of the empire.

They had on one side of them the Huns or Magyars from whom they had conquered their territory, while on the other they were pressed by a new division of Turkish origin, namely, the Uzes. The latter came in such numbers that, in the eleventh century, the Patchinaks were defeated, and had to seek refuge in the empire. Protection was afforded them, but they were always unruly subjects. Some of them had embraced Mahometanism, while others were pagans; all were barbarian nomads.

Towards the end of the same century the Uzes swept over Moldavia and Wallachia, crossed the Danube, and devastated the country as far south as Macedonia. The imperial troops, with the aid of the Bulgarians and the newly protected Patchinaks, succeeded in driving them across the Danube. Even in this ease, however, permission was given to some of them to establish settlements in Macedonia.

As we approach 1200 we find the Patchinaks a constant source of trouble. In 1148 a division of them crossed the Danube and invaded the empire. Under the vigorous rule of Manuel they were driven back, but they returned again and again, and in 1186 and 1187 united themselves with the Bulgarians to pillage Thrace. Their hostilities were encouraged during the last years of the empire, when the dynastic struggles helped to weaken it. In 1200 they laid waste Macedonia. Their race, however, was almost run.

The faithful subjects of kingdom of the Protestant faith

And since the good and useful effects of these measures are at all times plainly manifest, it is my Imperial desire that no improper or disorderly thing, of whatever kind, be thoughtlessly occasioned to the faithful subjects of my kingdom of the Protestant faith, and that the special privileges granted by my Imperial government, concerning religion and matters pertaining to it, be in all respects perpetually preserved from all detriment.

And as it is my Imperial will that no injury, of whatever kind, or in whatever manner, come upon them, therefore, this most righteous Imperial edict has been written, that those who act against it may know that, exposing themselves to my Royal indignation, they shall be punished. Notice has been given to the proper authorities, so that” there may not be the least ground of excuse, if there should happen in any way a neglect of this ordinance.

And this, my firm decree, has been issued from my Royal divan, to make known and establish it as my Imperial purpose, that this thing shall be carried into full and complete execution. Wherefore, you, who are the above- mentioned Vakeel, on learning this, will always move and act in accordance with the demands of this, my High Firman, and carefully abstain from any thing at variance with these things; and if any thing shall occur contrary to this, my decisive order, you will forthwith make it known to the Sublime Porte. Know this to be so, and give credence to my Imperial cypher.

Written in the last of the month Shaban, 1269.

Celebrated Hatti Humayoun

The following is the celebrated Hatti Humayoun of 1856, issued by the Sultan, Abdul Medjid, in compliance with a demand from the European Powers that the death-penalty for a change of religion should be abolished. See page 385.

HATTI HUMAYOCJN OF 1856.

Addressing a Sabbath school in one of the churches of New York City

An incident somewhat in contrast with the above occurred about the same time, as he was addressing a Sabbath school in one of the churches of New York City. With his venerable form and snow-white beard, and with his kindly beaming face, he seemed the very impersonation of good-will to the children to whom he was speaking words of loving instruction. A little girl in the school was so much struck with his appearance that she turned and whispered eagerly to her teacher, “ Is that Santa Claus? ” the resemblance perhaps being heightened in her estimation by the black velvet cap, with the Arabic inscription, which he always wore in public.

At various places in Western New York he preached and addressed congregations on the Sabbath and during the week.

He spent several days most delightfully at Palmyra, with the liev. Dr. Eaton and family, whose church was a school and a home for missionaries, several of its members having been trained up for service in the East. At this place he spent an afternoon with the family of Mr. Beckwith, with whom he had sojourned forty-six years before, when he visited Canandaigua as an agent for the Board, just after leaving the Theological Seminary.

Into New England

From New York he went into New England, to comply with numerous invitations he had received. He was several days with missionary friends at Sturbridge, Mass., where he preached on Sabbath morning, and made an address on missions in the evening. Early on Monday morning he left Sturbridge to attend the Commencement exercises at Andover Theological Seminary.

He enjoyed a festival in meeting with beloved friends at Andover, a place made sacred by the scenes of his early life and of his consecration to the service of Christ. Of this, and many similar occasions in his summer’s journeyings and so-journings, he remarked that he met with so many good people, and had with them so much sweet communion, it seemed to him like a foretaste of the society of heaven. He made one more pilgrimage to his native town, and sought out once more “ the old place where my father prayed and gave us all to God; ” and after visiting Amherst, where he addressed the students of the college, he was privileged to attend another meeting of the American Board at Pittsfield, the last that was held while he was an inhabitant of earth.

The charge of publicly reviling the prophet

In regard to the actual responsibility for the disturbance which arose, and especially with respect to the charge of publicly reviling the prophet, Dr. Goodell wrote at the time to one of his brethren in Turkey: —

“ The American missionaries have not changed their policy, but it ought to be known that other missionaries have come in, who from the first have pursued a very different policy. The Rev. Dr. Pfander, of the Church Missionary Society, a very worthy and excellent man, came and opened his batteries against Islamism. We earnestly advised him not to publish those books; we entreated him not to do it; we solemnly protested against Ms doing it. But tiles good brother having what the great Dr. Edwards attempted to prove nobody can have, viz., a self-determining power of the will, went on and did it; and the effect has been to bring all our missionary and Bible operations into great danger, — the very thing of which we had repeatedly warned him.

“Then there is a Mr. O’Flaherty, an Irishman, who, from being a sergeant in the Crimean war, felt called upon at the close of it to convert all the Mussulmans for whom he had fought so bravely. Some good people in England furnished the funds, and requested us to direct his labors. This we soon found to be impracticable, and we wrote, saying we could no longer assume any responsibility in regard to him. He was then shifted over to some English or Scotch society, and has continued his responsible or irresponsible labors to the present time, holding lectures or meetings up and down the Bosphorus, at all suitable or unsuitable places, talking long and loud, on steamboats or elsewhere, with any one who would ask or answer a question or give him a hearing, and, it may be (though I know not if there be any proof), saying hard things against the Koran and the prophet. Perhaps it will appear at last that he and Dr. Pfander have done more good than any of us; but even this will be no evidence that they acted with Christian prudence and discretion; for the Lord in Ilis wisdom and great mercy sometimes makes use of our imprudences and our indiscretions. But we greatly need here at the present time for British ambassador a man like Lord Kedcliffe, whose moral worth and weight of character would be felt, whose sympathies would be with the Bible and not with the Koran, with Christianity and not with Islamism, and who would represent the English and not the Turkish government.”

The advancement of the kingdom of Christ in the world

This was followed about a month later by a communication “ To the Churches of Christ in the United States of America,” in which he urges them to come up to a higher standard of living for God, and with themselves to devote their property to the advancement of the kingdom of Christ in the world. The following is a brief extract: —

“ In the great increase that is to be made to the church in the latter days, the Prophet Isaiah sees them coming in crowds, and bringing ‘ their silver and their gold with them; ’ that is, devoting their wealth to the name and worship of Jehovah, to be employed in Ilis blessed service. And had any of those left their ‘ gold and frankincense ’ behind; or had they left ‘ the flocks of Kedar,’ with ‘ the multitude of camels’ and ‘the dromedaries from Midian,’ behind them, in the dark regions of idolatry, where they could themselves go back every day to enjoy them, — would they have been received and incorporated among the true Israel? Certaiuly not. They would have been rejected, as still devoted to idolatry, and possessing substantially the same character as before.

“ Now, beloved friends, the present are those latter days of glory foretold by the prophet. And have you looked to see whether the crowds that now come up to join themselves to the Lord are brumum ‘ their silver and their role with them? ’ Have you made any inquiry? Have you gone into any examination of the subject? If you have not, we in Constantinople have; and we have been amazed beyond measure to lilid that while there has been such a great increase of names to the records of the church, there has been comparatively little addition to the ‘ whole burut offerings and sacrifices ’ made to the Lord.”

To the widowed wife of a former missionary to Constantinople, then residing in this country, he sent the following playful invitation to attend the marriage of his daughter, which was to take place a few days later: —

CONSTANTINOPLE, June 2G, 18G0.

MY DEAR SISTER, — Our daughter Mary expects to change her name on the Gtli of July. Will you and Samuel and Frances and Charley grace the occasion by your presence? Do try and come. You will meet many of your old friends, and we will try and arrange every thing pertaining to the ceremony so that you shall get home before dark.

Nazareth have just declared themselves Protestants

MY VERY DEAR BROTHER IN TIIE LORD, — Your two letters of Nov. 20 and Dec. 19 have both safely reached this, nearly at the same time, and have, indeed, as you say. made my heart glad, not only on account of the remittances, which I see you understand are very welcome for the carrying on of divers works in this country, but, I assure you, it is always a source of joy to hear of you, and especially to receive your kind letters. The Lord bless you abundantly for your kindness. I should be very glad, before you proceed, as you intend, to America, to see you and your dear wife in Jerusalem, and I think you would find some change for the better in the disposition of the people of this country since you left it. But whether you come or not, I pray that God may bless you abundantly on your visit to America.

Since I saw you at Beyrout in 1827, I have never been so long in one country as I have now been in Jerusalem, now above four years. Many sweet and many bitter blessings have we received at the hand of the Lord in our wandering life, and all is intended for our good.

You will hear with much pleasure that thirteen families, with sixty-one souls, at Nazareth have just declared themselves Protestants, several of whom, I hope, are under the influence of the Spirit of grace. Here among the Jews we see just fruits enough to keep up our courage, but certainly 1 do not yet perceive any important change among the Jews at large. Oh that the Spirit of life might be breathed upon these dry bones!

Please remember us kindly to your dear wife.

Ever faithfully yours,

S. ANGL. IIIEROSOL.

He left Constantinople May 3,1831, and reached Boston just in time to go to the dying bed of his life-long friend and fellow- laborer, Rev. Daniel Temple, and to preach his funeral sermon at Reading, Mass. The sermon, which was published in pamphlet, besides being a striking comment upon the text, “ There remaineth therefore a rest to the people of God,” was a warm-hearted tribute to the exalted character of one whose conversation had long been in heaven.

Soon after reaching this country, he made his way to his native town, which he had left nearly forty years before, and had seen only in vacations while a student. lie arrived at Templeton late on a Saturday evening. The next day, on going into the pulpit and looking round upon the congregation, he could not recognize a single countenance, not even among the hoary heads. The church itself, an orthodox society, had been organized and built up since he had left the place. His first call was at the burying-ground, of which he said, “ I thought I should find there more whom I knew than anywhere else.” But even the graves of many of his friends were obliterated. He wrote at the time, “ The changes everywhere are very great, ‘ one generation passeth away, and another generation cometh.’ All the former elders of the land, the deacons, the selectmen, the school committeemen, the town-clerks, the lawyers, the representatives, — all, all are gone!

‘ The world passed away and the lust thereof, but he that doeth the will of God abided for ever.’ Oh how blessed are all those who are connected with that which is eternal! ”

lie visited the home of his childhood in a distant part of the town, where he had left his aged father when he went at the call of God, as did Abraham, into a far distant country. But that too was gone. The site only remained. Near by he found living an aged aunt totally blind, of whom he wrote: “ She said that sometimes when she lies awake in the night the whole room seems as bright as day, and she thinks she sees every thing, but when she puts out her hand and waves it, she finds she ‘ can see nothing but the love of God.’ Blessed eyes that can see that! ”

As extensively as possible he visited his relatives, especially his brothers and sisters, who were scattered over the country tour packages bulgaria, from Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and many were the sacred and joyful, and sometimes amusing, scenes that occurred as he made himself known to them in his own humorous way. In every case they failed at first to recognize the family likeness in the aged man who called at their doors and asked in the name of a disciple for a shelter, or a cup of cold water. He had kept the fire of love for his kindred burning bright on the hearthstone of his heart, during the many years that had separated him from all to whom he was bound by natural ties, and as he joined them in their family circles, and bowed with them at their family altars, he felt as if he had not been absent a day. The account which he gave of a visit to a brother in the far West, when they laughed and wept by turns, but all for joy, is too domestic to be here transcribed, although strikingly expressive of his genial, loving character.

District of Columbia

The two years that he spent in this country were devoted almost exclusively to hard work in the same blessed cause for which he had gone forth to the Eastern world so long before. lie was constantly going from place to place, from one part of the country to another, preaching and advocating the cause of missions, on the Sabbath, during the week, and on all occasions. During these two years, lacking five days, he travelled about twenty-one thousand miles, visited eighteen States of the Union, and the District of Columbia; he occupied two hundred and thirty-five different pulpits, preaching or addressing more than four hundred congregations, speaking on an average about an hour each time, and addressing, in addition, the students of colleges and theological seminaries, Sabbath schools, select schools, Ac., all over the country. As he was leaving for the scene of his labors in the East he wrote: “ Instead of being worn down by this service, I feel all the fresher and the better for it. AVhat thanks are due to Him‘who giveth power unto the faint,* and what thanks shall we render to Him for all that cordiality, that truly Christian hospitality, with which lie inspired the ten thousands of Ilis dear people to receive us.”