Russian Influence and the Second Invasion of Bulgaria

In the twelfth century, Russia launched its second invasion of Bulgaria. This invasion was large and widespread, leading to the mixing of local people with the Slavs. As a result, the Slavic language and religion became dominant in Bulgaria. Since then, Russia has often used these shared cultural and religious ties as a reason to interfere in the affairs of Southeastern Europe.

Ottoman Rule Begins

In the fourteenth century, the Turks defeated the Russians and took control of Bulgaria. By 1389, the country had been fully conquered by the Ottoman Empire, and it remained under Turkish rule for almost 500 years, until the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.

The Bulgarian Atrocities and International Outrage

The official reason given for the Russo-Turkish War was to protect the Christians of the Greek Orthodox Church, who were suffering from persecution and cruelty by Turkish officials. Although William Gladstone, the British politician, was not in power at the time, he played a huge role in gaining public support for the war.

Gladstone published a powerful pamphlet called “The Bulgarian Atrocities,” where he described, with great emotion, the sufferings of the Bulgarian people under Ottoman rule. His words shocked and moved people across Europe Local Ephesus Tour Guides.

Around the same time, Eugene Schuyler, who was the United States consul-general in Constantinople, wrote a detailed report full of facts about the situation. His report gave solid evidence that supported Gladstone’s message and helped to awaken sympathy and anger around the world.

Alexander II A Hero to Bulgarians

With public support rising, Alexander II of Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. While Russia may have had political goals—such as gaining control over Constantinople—many people believed the war was a just cause to protect fellow Orthodox Christians who spoke the same language and shared the same faith.

Alexander II is still loved and honored in Bulgaria. He was a kind ruler who freed 40 million serfs in Russia and was planning to give his people more freedom through a constitutional government before he was assassinated.

Honoring the Liberators of Bulgaria

In Bulgaria, many places are named after Alexander II. There is a monument in his honor, and the main public park in the capital, Sofia, also carries his name. His portrait is found everywhere—from peasant cottages to royal palaces.

You can buy postal cards with his image titled “Liberator of Bulgaria” at every stationery shop or newsstand. These cards are the most popular of all. The Bulgarian people’s gratitude toward him has lasted for over 25 years.

Another hero remembered is William Gladstone, who also has a main street in Sofia named after him. His portrait appears on postal cards as well. However, there seems to be no public recognition of Eugene Schuyler’s efforts, even though his report played a major role in helping Bulgaria.